The Road Taken: the Institutionalization of Economic Sanctions as an Instrument at Service of International Collective Security

Autores

  • Cristine Koehler Zanella Universidade Federal de Uberlândia and Universidad Bernardo OHiggins

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v11n2.2016.483

Palavras-chave:

economic sanctions, collective security, the Hague Conferences, League of Nations, United Nations

Resumo

This paper addresses the institutionalization of multilateral economic sanctions from a historical perspective, aiming at to explain when, why and how economic sanctions became an instrument of deterrence and coercion in the toolbox of collective security. First, it is shown that a new concern emerged in the Hague Conferences, in which states began to institutionalize international arbitration as a pacific mean to solve international disputes: how to enforce arbitral sentences in an anarchic international system? Economic sanctions were then envisioned as an eventual remedy to pressure a recalcitrant state to comply with the terms of the sentence. Second, it is described the process that resulted in economic sanctions as an autonomous deterrence and coercion tool in the Covenant of the League of Nations. It is presented how the liberal-idealist framework shaped this process, the existing expectative behind the economic sanctions, and the cases in which economic sanctions were applied. Finally, the article describes the realist ideas that influenced the creation of the United Nations, whose Charter lists economic sanctions as an instrument to be used in the collective security framework but at that time less prominently than the use of force.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Cristine Koehler Zanella, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia and Universidad Bernardo OHiggins

Lecturer in International Relations at Federal University of Uberlândia (Brazil) and Research associate in the Faculty of Law and Social Communication, Department of Public Law at Universidad Bernardo OHiggins (Chile). Doctor in Political Sciences (Ghent University - Belgium) and Doctor in International Strategic Studies (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil). Graduated in Law and in Economics and Master in Latin American Integration (Federal University of Santa Maria – Brazil).

Referências

ABLER, E. Michael. 2008. Retooling Economic Sanctions.

ALEXANDER, Kern. 2009. Economic sanctions : law and public policy. Basingstoke England ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

BAKER, Betsy. 2011. Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907). In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]: Oxford University Press.

BALDWIN, David A. 1985. Economic statecraft. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

BARACUHY, Braz. 2005. Vencer ao perder: a natureza da diplomacia brasileira na crise da Liga das Nações (1926). Brasília: FUNAG.

BERTRAM, Anton. 1932. The economic weapon as a form of peaceful pressure. London.

BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. 2013. A Corte Permanente de Justiça Internacional. http://www.direitoshumanos.usp.br/index.php/Corte-Internacional-de-Justi%C3%A7a/historico.html.

CARR, Edward Hallett. 2001. Vinte anos de crise: 1919-1939. Uma introdução ao estudo das relações internacionais. Translated by Luiz Alberto Figueiredo Machado. 2 ed, Clássicos IPRI. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília.

CORTRIGHT, David, and George A Lopez. 2000. The sanctions decade : assessing UN strategies in the 1990s.

COX, Michael. 2010. "E.H. Carr and the Crisis of Twentieth-Century Liberalism: Reflections and Lessons." Millennium no. 38 (3):v.

DI NOLFO, Ennio. 2002. Dagli imperi militari agli imperi tecnologici: la politica internazionale nel XX secolo. Bari: Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa.

DUMAS, Jacques. 1911. "Sanctions of international arbitration." The American Journal of International Law no. 5.

EYFFINGER, Arthur. 1999. The 1899 Hague Peace Conference : "the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world". The Hague ; London: Kluwer Law International.

GALTUNG, Johan. 1967. "On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: with examples from the case of Rhodesia." World Politics no. 19 (3):38.

GARFIELD, Richard. 1999. The impact of economic sanctions on health and well-being, RRN network paper. London: Overseas Development Institute.

GIUMELLI, Francesco. 2011. Coercing, constraining and signalling: explaining UN and EU sanctions after the Cold War: ECPR Press.

HERZ, Mônica, and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann. 2004. Organizações Internacionais: história e práticas. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier. Reprint, 7.

HUFBAUER, Gary Clyde, Schott J., Kimberly Ann Elliott, and Barbara Oegg. 2007. Economic sanctions reconsidered. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

JOHNSON, Edward 2006. "Early Indications of a Freeze: Greece, Spain and the United Nations, 1946–47." Cold War History no. 6 (1):18. doi: 10.1080/14682740500395436.

KELSEN, Hans. 1951. The law of the United Nations; a critical analysis of its fundamental problems. New York,: F. A. Praeger.

KIRK, Grayson. 1946. "The enforcement of security." The Yale law journal no. 55 (5):15.

KISSINGER, Henry A. 1994. Diplomacy. London: Simon & Schuster.

KRISCH, Nico. 2012. Ch.VII Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression, Article 41. 3rd ed. Vol. III, Oxford Commentaries on International Law: The Charter of the United Nations: a Commentary: Oxford Press.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS. 1919. The Covenant of the League of Nations -Including Amendments adopted to December, 1924-. Genève: Lilian Goldman Law Library.

NYE, Joseph S. 2009. Cooperação e conflito nas relações internacionais. Translated by Henrique Amat Rêgo. São Paulo: Editora Gente.

SCOTT, James Brown. 1920. The proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences : translation of the original texts. Edited by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of International Law. 5 vols. New York: Oxford University Press.

UNITED NATIONS. 1945. Charter of the United Nations: Lillian Goldman Law Library.

VAGTS, Detlev. 2011. Balance of power. In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]: Oxford University Press.

WILSON, Woodrow. January 22, 1917. Address to the Senate of the United States: "A World League for Peace". Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley.

Publicado

2016-08-31

Como Citar

Koehler Zanella, C. (2016). The Road Taken: the Institutionalization of Economic Sanctions as an Instrument at Service of International Collective Security. Carta Internacional, 11(2), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v11n2.2016.483

Edição

Seção

Artigos